In the last article How ground control points and PPK data affect the relative accuracy of 3D model,we have mentioned that in addition to GCPs and PPK datas, the GSD and carrier drone also have a certain degree of effects on the relative accuracy of the 3D model.So we do another test to verify it.
Carrier drone |
Oblique camera |
GCPs |
PPK |
CW10 VTOL |
DG4pros |
NO |
NO |
Number of Objects |
measurement length(L0) |
3D model length(L1)GSD=2cm |
3D model length(L2)GSD=1.5cm |
DS1(L0-L1) |
DS2(L0-L2) |
1 |
7.210 |
7.18 |
7.20 |
0.030 |
0.010 |
8.706 |
8.69 |
8.65 |
0.016 |
0.056 |
|
10.961 |
10.89 |
10.90 |
0.071 |
0.061 |
|
2 |
7.010 |
6.88 |
6.86 |
0.130 |
0.150 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.76 |
1.76 |
0.062 |
0.062 |
4 |
10.410 |
10.38 |
10.37 |
0.030 |
0.040 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.65 |
10.68 |
0.068 |
0.038 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.72 |
13.71 |
0.067 |
0.077 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.41 |
11.38 |
-0.006 |
0.024 |
12.147 |
12.13 |
12.12 |
0.017 |
0.027 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.44 |
7.49 |
0.086 |
0.036 |
13.797 |
13.83 |
13.77 |
-0.033 |
0.027 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.35 |
10.35 |
0.024 |
0.024 |
10 |
2.109 |
1.98 |
2.09 |
0.129 |
0.019 |
4.281 |
4.14 |
4.19 |
0.141 |
0.091 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.55 |
14.64 |
0.125 |
0.035 |
8.600 |
8.58 |
8.57 |
0.020 |
0.030 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.36 |
13.38 |
0.034 |
0.014 |
13 |
12.940 |
12.95 |
12.91 |
-0.010 |
0.030 |
14 |
7.190 |
7.21 |
7.20 |
-0.020 |
-0.010 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.36 |
13.38 |
0.011 |
-0.009 |
6.435 |
6.37 |
6.43 |
0.065 |
0.005 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.74 |
3.70 |
0.002 |
0.042 |
17 |
6.022 |
6.03 |
5.99 |
-0.008 |
0.032 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.91 |
3.94 |
0.027 |
-0.003 |
19 |
8.120 |
8.09 |
8.12 |
0.030 |
0.000 |
14.411 |
14.40 |
14.37 |
0.011 |
0.041 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.06 |
6.04 |
0.017 |
0.037 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.68 |
13.65 |
0.016 |
0.046 |
RMSE: DS1=0.0397m,DS2=0.0356m |
Carrier drone |
Oblique camera |
GCPs |
PPK |
CW10 VTOL |
DG4pros |
Yes |
No |
Number of Objects |
measurement length(L0) |
3D model length(L1)GSD=2cm |
3D model length(L2)GSD=1.5cm |
DS1(L0-L1) |
DS2(L0-L2) |
1 |
7.210 |
7.18 |
7.21 |
0.030 |
0 |
8.706 |
8.68 |
8.68 |
0.026 |
0.026 |
|
10.961 |
10.91 |
10.87 |
0.051 |
0.091 |
|
2 |
7.010 |
6.92 |
6.88 |
0.090 |
0.13 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.79 |
1.76 |
0.032 |
0.062 |
4 |
10.410 |
10.39 |
10.38 |
0.020 |
0.03 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.66 |
10.72 |
0.058 |
-0.002 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.77 |
13.79 |
0.017 |
-0.003 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.38 |
11.38 |
0.024 |
0.024 |
12.147 |
12.12 |
12.13 |
0.027 |
0.017 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.47 |
7.53 |
0.056 |
-0.004 |
13.797 |
13.83 |
13.78 |
-0.033 |
0.017 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.34 |
10.37 |
0.034 |
0.004 |
10 |
2.109 |
2.03 |
2.11 |
0.079 |
-0.001 |
4.281 |
4.18 |
4.28 |
0.101 |
0.001 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.59 |
14.67 |
0.085 |
0.005 |
8.600 |
8.57 |
8.58 |
0.030 |
0.02 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.35 |
13.39 |
0.044 |
0.004 |
13 |
12.940 |
12.92 |
12.9 |
0.020 |
0.04 |
14 |
7.190 |
7.21 |
7.19 |
-0.020 |
0 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.36 |
13.37 |
0.011 |
0.001 |
6.435 |
6.43 |
6.42 |
0.005 |
0.015 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.72 |
3.7 |
0.022 |
0.042 |
17 |
6.022 |
6.00 |
5.98 |
0.022 |
0.042 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.94 |
3.91 |
-0.003 |
0.027 |
19 |
8.120 |
8.09 |
8.07 |
0.030 |
0.05 |
14.411 |
14.41 |
14.38 |
0.001 |
0.031 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.03 |
6.04 |
0.047 |
0.037 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.65 |
13.65 |
0.046 |
0.046 |
RMSE: DS1=0.0328m,DS2=0.0259m |
Carrier drone |
Oblique camera |
GCPs |
PPK |
CW10 VTOL |
DG4pros |
NO |
YES |
Number of Objects |
measurement length(L0) |
3D model length(L1)GSD=2cm |
3D model length(L2)GSD=1.5cm |
DS1(L0-L1) |
DS2(L0-L2) |
1 |
7.210 |
7.20 |
7.20 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
8.706 |
8.71 |
8.69 |
0.00 |
0.02 |
|
10.961 |
10.87 |
10.88 |
0.09 |
0.08 |
|
2 |
7.010 |
6.89 |
6.87 |
0.12 |
0.14 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.79 |
1.75 |
0.03 |
0.07 |
4 |
10.410 |
10.39 |
10.38 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.67 |
10.69 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.75 |
13.78 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.39 |
11.38 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
12.147 |
12.13 |
12.12 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.51 |
7.49 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
13.797 |
13.79 |
13.78 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.35 |
10.34 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
10 |
2.109 |
2.03 |
2.02 |
0.08 |
0.09 |
4.281 |
4.15 |
4.21 |
0.13 |
0.07 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.61 |
14.65 |
0.07 |
0.03 |
8.600 |
8.60 |
8.57 |
0.00 |
0.03 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.37 |
13.40 |
0.02 |
-0.01 |
13 |
12.940 |
12.88 |
12.89 |
0.06 |
0.05 |
14 |
7.190 |
7.20 |
7.18 |
-0.01 |
0.01 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.36 |
13.38 |
0.01 |
-0.01 |
6.435 |
6.40 |
6.46 |
0.03 |
-0.03 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.75 |
3.75 |
-0.01 |
-0.01 |
17 |
6.022 |
5.97 |
5.97 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.93 |
3.91 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
19 |
8.120 |
8.10 |
8.08 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
14.411 |
14.40 |
14.38 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.04 |
6.05 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.65 |
13.67 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
RMSE: DS1=0.0342m,DS2=0.0328m |
Carrier drone |
Oblique camera |
GCPs |
PPK |
CW10 VTOL |
DG4pros |
YES |
YES |
Number of Objects |
measurement length(L0) |
3D model length(L1)GSD=2cm |
3D model length(L2)GSD=1.5cm |
DS1(L0-L1) |
DS2(L0-L2) |
1 |
7.21 |
7.21 |
7.21 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
8.706 |
8.68 |
8.7 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
|
10.961 |
10.90 |
10.89 |
0.06 |
0.07 |
|
2 |
7.01 |
6.98 |
6.99 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.80 |
1.78 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
4 |
10.41 |
10.40 |
10.39 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.70 |
10.69 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.77 |
13.76 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.39 |
11.39 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
12.147 |
12.13 |
12.12 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.49 |
7.51 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
13.797 |
13.81 |
13.8 |
-0.01 |
0.00 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.36 |
10.35 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
10 |
2.109 |
2.02 |
2.11 |
0.09 |
0.00 |
4.281 |
4.16 |
4.28 |
0.12 |
0.00 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.66 |
14.68 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
8.6 |
8.54 |
8.53 |
0.06 |
0.07 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.35 |
13.37 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
13 |
12.94 |
12.89 |
12.91 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
14 |
7.19 |
7.18 |
7.2 |
0.01 |
-0.01 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.35 |
13.35 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
6.435 |
6.41 |
6.4 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.72 |
3.71 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
17 |
6.022 |
5.98 |
5.98 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.89 |
3.89 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
19 |
8.12 |
8.12 |
8.1 |
0.00 |
0.02 |
14.411 |
14.40 |
14.39 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.03 |
6.03 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.66 |
13.64 |
0.04 |
0.06 |
RMSE: DS1=0.0308m,DS2=0.0249m |
The variables of experiment 1 are:
1:With/Without PPK data.
2:With/Without GCPs.
3:different GSD:1.5 cm or 2cm
After analysis of the four sets of experimental data, we can draw the following conclusions:
 
When the oblique camera is DG4Pros:
(1) With/Without ground control point (GCP) and PPK data involved in the AT triangulation, whether it is a VTOL or a multi-rotor drone, whether the GSD is 2cm or 1.5cm, the 3D model built by oblique camera DG4Pros can meet the requirements of relative accuracy error Ds≤10cm(Actually ≤5cm).
(2) When the GSD is the single variable, the relative accuracy of the 3D model with GSD=1.5cm is better than that GSD=2cm.
Oblique camera |
GCPs |
PPK |
GSD |
DG4pros |
NO |
NO |
1.5cm |
Number of Objects |
measurement length(L0) |
3D model length(L1)CW10 |
3D model length(L2)M600Pro |
DS1(L0-L1) |
DS2(L0-L2) |
1 |
7.21 |
7.20 |
7.19 |
0.010 |
0.02 |
8.706 |
8.65 |
8.70 |
0.056 |
0.01 |
|
10.961 |
10.90 |
10.91 |
0.061 |
0.05 |
|
2 |
7.01 |
6.86 |
6.98 |
0.150 |
0.03 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.76 |
1.79 |
0.062 |
0.03 |
4 |
10.41 |
10.37 |
10.39 |
0.040 |
0.02 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.68 |
10.69 |
0.038 |
0.03 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.71 |
13.76 |
0.077 |
0.03 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.38 |
11.38 |
0.024 |
0.02 |
12.147 |
12.12 |
12.12 |
0.027 |
0.03 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.49 |
7.50 |
0.036 |
0.03 |
13.797 |
13.77 |
13.77 |
0.027 |
0.03 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.35 |
10.33 |
0.024 |
0.04 |
10 |
2.109 |
2.09 |
2.02 |
0.019 |
0.09 |
4.281 |
4.19 |
4.20 |
0.091 |
0.08 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.64 |
14.65 |
0.035 |
0.03 |
8.6 |
8.57 |
8.57 |
0.030 |
0.03 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.38 |
13.35 |
0.014 |
0.04 |
13 |
12.94 |
12.91 |
12.92 |
0.030 |
0.02 |
14 |
7.19 |
7.20 |
7.17 |
-0.010 |
0.02 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.38 |
13.35 |
-0.009 |
0.02 |
6.435 |
6.43 |
6.41 |
0.005 |
0.02 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.70 |
3.70 |
0.042 |
0.04 |
17 |
6.022 |
5.99 |
5.99 |
0.032 |
0.03 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.94 |
3.89 |
-0.003 |
0.05 |
19 |
8.12 |
8.12 |
8.08 |
0.000 |
0.04 |
14.411 |
14.37 |
14.36 |
0.041 |
0.05 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.04 |
6.06 |
0.037 |
0.02 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.65 |
13.65 |
0.046 |
0.05 |
RMSE: DS1=0.0356m,DS2=0.342m |
Oblique camera |
GCPs |
PPK |
GSD |
DG4pros |
YES |
NO |
1.5cm |
Number of Objects |
measurement length(L0) |
3D model length(L1)CW10 |
3D model length(L2)M600Pro |
DS1(L0-L1) |
DS2(L0-L2) |
1 |
7.21 |
7.21 |
7.21 |
0 |
0.00 |
8.706 |
8.68 |
8.70 |
0.026 |
0.01 |
|
10.961 |
10.87 |
10.91 |
0.091 |
0.05 |
|
2 |
7.01 |
6.88 |
6.98 |
0.13 |
0.03 |
3 |
1.822 |
1.76 |
1.80 |
0.062 |
0.02 |
4 |
10.41 |
10.38 |
10.39 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
5 |
10.718 |
10.72 |
10.70 |
-0.002 |
0.02 |
6 |
13.787 |
13.79 |
13.75 |
-0.003 |
0.04 |
7 |
11.404 |
11.38 |
11.38 |
0.024 |
0.02 |
12.147 |
12.13 |
12.13 |
0.017 |
0.02 |
|
8 |
7.526 |
7.53 |
7.49 |
-0.004 |
0.04 |
13.797 |
13.78 |
13.79 |
0.017 |
0.01 |
|
9 |
10.374 |
10.37 |
10.35 |
0.004 |
0.02 |
10 |
2.109 |
2.11 |
2.07 |
-0.001 |
0.04 |
4.281 |
4.28 |
4.21 |
0.001 |
0.07 |
|
11 |
14.675 |
14.67 |
14.66 |
0.005 |
0.02 |
8.6 |
8.58 |
8.57 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
|
12 |
13.394 |
13.39 |
13.35 |
0.004 |
0.04 |
13 |
12.94 |
12.9 |
12.93 |
0.04 |
0.01 |
14 |
7.19 |
7.19 |
7.18 |
0 |
0.01 |
15 |
13.371 |
13.37 |
13.36 |
0.001 |
0.01 |
6.435 |
6.42 |
6.42 |
0.015 |
0.01 |
|
16 |
3.742 |
3.7 |
3.71 |
0.042 |
0.03 |
17 |
6.022 |
5.98 |
6.00 |
0.042 |
0.02 |
18 |
3.937 |
3.91 |
3.91 |
0.027 |
0.03 |
19 |
8.12 |
8.07 |
8.10 |
0.05 |
0.02 |
14.411 |
14.38 |
14.35 |
0.031 |
0.06 |
|
20 |
6.077 |
6.04 |
6.06 |
0.037 |
0.02 |
21 |
13.696 |
13.65 |
13.67 |
0.046 |
0.03 |
RMSE: DS1=0.0259m,DS2=0.256m |
The variables of experiment 2 are:
1:With/Without GCPs.
2:Different Carrier drone:a VTOL drone or a multi-rotor drone
After analysis of the two sets of experimental data, we can draw the following conclusions:
When the oblique camera is DG4Pros:
(1) With/Without ground control point (GCP) whether it is a VTOL or a multi-rotor drone, the 3D model built by oblique camera DG4Pros can meet the requirements of relative accuracy error Ds≤10cm(Actually ≤5cm).
(2) When the carrier drone types is the single variable, the relative accuracy of the 3D model with multi-rotor is better than that with VTOL,but the difference is not very big.
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